Tuesday, June 26, 2012

Matt Briones and Cornel West (BookTV)

BookTV (CSPAN2) has posted the permanent link to my conversation with Cornel West in Harlem regarding Jim and Jap Crow:

http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/305658-1%20&buy
or
http://www.booktv.org/Program/13438/Jim+and+Jap+Crow+A+Cultural+History+of+1940s+Interracial+America.aspx

Tuesday, June 19, 2012

Set your DVRs for Saturday night/Sunday morning (June 25th, 12:30 AM est), as Cornel West and I discuss my new book Jim and Jap Crow on BookTV (CSPAN2).

Tuesday, August 23, 2011

The Absurdity of the Ivory Tower

   I apologize for the ridiculously large gap between my last post and this one.  Teaching and researching, but most of all, simply general living got in the way of my blog.
   I titled this particular post as such after contemplating the sheer absurdity of the life lived by academics these days.  There are two structural issues with being a professor in an "elite" university.  One has to do with the administration, its increasing population of deans, provosts, vice presidents, vice-this, and vice-that.  Let's think of this as a top-down issue.
   The other is related to students, mostly undergraduates.  Let's consider this a bottom-up issue.  (It almost seems like graduate students are an afterthought because they usually require financial aid and departmental stipends to make it through graduate school, and with so few jobs for newly minted PhDs, their population on campus seems to be shrinking, in favor, say, of money-making, terminal master's programs and their full-tuition-paying students.  These PhDs may not enter academia after all is said and done, but I know they have the wherewithal to land jobs in other intellectually rigorous fields outside of academe.  Their diminishing populace is a shame, though, because I have yet to meet a PhD student I haven't liked, in the classroom or outside of it.)
   Undergraduates and their families are paying through the nose for their educations these days.  As I mentioned in my profile, tuition costs have exponentially outpaced inflation, rising by 35% over the past five years.  If your family is upper-class and the rare exception out there able to pay in full (which is but a sliver of every entering first-year class), more power to you.  However, if you're like the vast majority of other undergraduates at these elite institutions, even with grants for families making under $60,000 at places like Harvard and Princeton, you will most likely come out of college with a daunting and anxiety-inducing debt.  Hence, these students must by necessity join the professional ranks right after graduation, with little space, time, or money to join Teach for America, or travel overseas and enjoy shared knowledge and culture with various global communities, or, god forbid, take time to breathe and figure some things out before entering the workforce.  In the nearly twenty years since I graduated college, I've noticed (and others have systematically tracked with empirical data) the overwhelming number of pre-professional majors skyrocket at these universities, as understandably, these students need to follow paths to careers that will (at the very least) pay back their collective (undergraduate and graduate school) debts.  Shoot, my wife and I are still looking down the sink hole of six-figure graduate school debt.
   I am harping on the economic hardships faced by today's students because I've noticed how almost all of them - to a person - convey a desperation about choosing a "serious" college major because they can't justify anything else but biology (aka pre-med), pre-law, economics, or political science to families back home who may be mortgaging their homes and taking on second and third jobs to send their kids to school.  Pretty heroic (of the families and the student), if you ask me.  So, I get why kids are so easily dismissive of the work done in the social sciences and humanities - this is leisurely conversation, while econ problem sets or marathon science labs take immediate precedence.  'You're interesting, professor, but you're crazy if you think I can sell Amartya Sen's critique of Adam Smith to my family back home.'
   Again, with great understanding, I have witnessed these students grow less interested in what we used to call a "liberal arts education" and become more invested in procuring the bachelor's degree and moving on...as quickly as possible.  Now, of course, this observation doesn't apply to all of my students, but an alarmingly higher rate of students feel this way year after year (and why not, as we head into a double-dip recession?).  The consequence, however, is that it becomes more difficult for people like me - who used to love teaching such great kids with their zealous intellectual curiosity - to stay in these institutions.  The students' aspirations - while practical and concretely goal-oriented - nonetheless make the university function more like a vocational school, rather than as a true community of scholars willing to slow down, step back for a moment, and wrestle with great ideas of the past and pressing issues of the present - but students are young, so one can hardly blame them (although one of course does, especially when a student grade-grubs until his face turns blue).
   I therefore hold the administration much more responsible.  (Look, I concede that they hold the key to my retaining a job or gaining promotion, but if I can't speak truth to power, then you might as well kill me now.)  This used to be an institution, and a work environment in general, where the faculty were allowed to make decisions, or at least feel like they were part of the decision-making process.  Now, there isn't even a hint of solicitousness on the administration's part - it's more like utter disdain for the faculty's even deigning to inquire about "anonymous donors" or questionable "institutes" and "centers" breaking ground without faculty or student input.  I'm not asking for pity or hand-holding; all I want is a little conversation.  A sign that the institution still takes meritocracy and transparency seriously.  I'm not the first to decry the corporatization of the university; many others, like David Perlmutter, Gaye Tuchman, Derek Bok, Mark C. Taylor, Martha Nussbaum, and Louis Menand, have been much more eloquent and incisive on this subject than I.  Don't get me wrong: it's not like professors and students haven't fought back and - through civil discourse - pushed back against what's going on at these universities.  But the die is seemingly cast, and a large majority of us (faculty) are scared shitless that we'll lose our jobs in these comfortable ivory towers or, worse, won't get tenure or promotion, unless we keep our mouths shut and toe the party line.  The problem is I'm not sure what we're teaching our students by such an example.
   We can't put the genie back in the bottle, either.  All of those U.S. News and World Report rankings and the arms race among public and private universities to attract the best and brightest have collectively led to unnecessary additions to campus physical plants, overpriced maintenance of aesthetically pleasing but predominantly unoccupied classroom buildings (in other words, it's not like all of the lights, central air, and other amenities shut off when there's only a mouse stirring in that fabulous tech-heavy lecture hall), and constant branding to attract more customers (I mean, students), like the convenient website I saw blaring on the back bumper of one of our campus' ubiquitous patrol cars (as if anyone in a five-mile radius doesn't know whom or what those intimidating Blade Runner sedans are protecting).  Students don't really want five different fast-food vendors in their social center or need more than a comfortable suite with a big enough common room for friends to gather.  (People who think they do need all of that crap are the same people who believe Zuckerberg created Facebook to get into the Porcellian final club.)  But when you charge students over $50,000 a year, you force them to feel like they need those extra amenities to justify the exorbitant cost.  When I was an undergraduate (back in the '90s, mind you), I remember the administration telling me that the university's operating cost per student was $60,000; therefore, at the time, they told me, I should be happy to be getting a bargain at half the price (and I was, sort of).  I don't necessarily doubt that the operating costs were indeed that high and remain so, but who's been overlooking the budget and costs all of these years?  How can tuition legally (or ethically) be allowed to outdistance inflation by such unreasonable proportions?  Our society's near flippant attitude about how much these behemoths cost has helped usher in the "naturalized" corporatization of the university, the seam-busting administrative apparatus, and the cold comfort that students, faculty, and the putative "community" feel about these places.
   Obviously these are largely generalizations on my part, with exceptions to every observation: excellent students; wonderful colleagues; supportive administration; and rewarding days of classes and cultivating of students' projects.  But something is eating away at the fabric of these institutions.  And it's not the nonsensical explanation of women, minorities, or a "closing of the American mind" that plagues these campuses.  Until we have an honest national (if not also global) conversation and debate about "what's going on," as the late great Marvin Gaye once sang, I'm afraid you'll have more mandarins at the helm, fewer committed scholars and teachers in the classroom, and an overcharged, poorly stimulated student body exiting the turnstiles at the edge of the quads.

Saturday, March 5, 2011

Critical Thinking

    So much noise these days.  A Times book review on a Twain-like father taking his son on the tortuous road through college admissions.  Bob Herbert on a provocative scholarly study which basically states that students are learning much less today than in yesteryear (for a whole lot more money).  Harvard and Princeton have reinstated their early admissions practices, tilting the playing field again.  A remarkable "Frontline" story from last May on the stunning (and largely unregulated) rise of private, for-profit colleges (well, which school really isn't for profit?) in which students at McUniversities come out with three times the debt as students at traditional institutions.  A lot to digest and a lot to process if you're a high-school senior or the parent of one.
   I'm going to sound extremely naive, but can I offer three simple, calming, and effective tips for the loony season of admissions?

1)  Let your son or daughter write his/her essays.  Proofread them.  And, if they're open to it, ask them questions about why and how they came up with the ideas for their essays.  Perhaps that will compel them to revise and rethink their essays on their own.  And, of course, you can encourage them to show the essays to their English teachers or college counselors with the understanding that these are opportunities for your child "to give and take" with other critical minds, just as they hopefully will during office hours in college (that buzzword discourse everyone seems to be talking about).
   Don't write the essays for them.  Don't come up with the topics for them.  And absolutely do not revise them so that both your child feels undermined and the admissions officer reading it can easily toss the application on the "Deny" pile.  Don't coach them in any way imaginable.  Presumably you've been doing that for the past sixteen years already.  Allow their "freak flag to fly," or in parlance you and I can understand, permit them to show off the critical thinking skills they've developed during high school and at the dinner table.  Otherwise, admissions officers have no way of knowing what higher order of thinking your child has cultivated or what kind of foundation they will build on.  They won't know if your child has room to grow, with great upside, or that he/she will be a pre-packaged kid for whom all of college will be a set of pre-purchased essays and copied problem sets.  I'm obviously being overly simplistic here in the last sentence, but you get what I mean.  As much as you might not want them to, let them think and do for themselves!!  

2)  So, if you're not writing their college essays for them, you'll have so much more time to talk to them about "fit."  Perhaps you and your partner, or ex-partner, or second ex-partner, had particularly positive or negative experiences at certain colleges or universities.  Share those stories with your kids, even if they seem completely uninterested.  While a huge state school with a top 20 football team was the best place for you to grow, your child may really shy away from those large classes and the inability to really get to know his/her professors.  Obviously (and you've heard this ad nauseam) do not re-live your college life through your kid, or do not burden your child with the notion that he or she has to fulfill the dreams in college you were never able to achieve.  You know it and I know it: your kids will pick up on all that subconscious (or explicit) anxiety, and they'll try to please you, never fulfilling their own aims.
   And, fit really does matter.  Those lovely small, liberal arts colleges throughout the country (Amherst, Carleton, Oberlin, Occidental, Lewis & Clark, Sewanee, Smith, Williams) all have amazing faculty members, and most classes are smaller, so interactions with classmates and instructors are intimate and may best suit your child.  Additionally, your child's interests (like playing a Division III sport, more deeply investing in the visual arts, or fully committing to a theater ensemble) may be more achievable within the cozier, more community-based atmosphere of these little gems.  Conversely, the Research I institutions may provide research opportunities (e.g., in a cystic fibrosis lab) or exposure to extremely specialized fields of study (e.g., historical anthropology) that one might be unable to find in a smaller institution.  Neither experience is more "valuable" or more impressive on the c.v. for post-college employment.  They're different, but good-different, and like your child, these places force you to stop and enjoy the moment, big or small.  (BTW, I've always thought that if you were well-rounded in high school, you had a better chance of following your manifold interests in a smaller, liberal arts college.  In a big Research I university, you often have to choose one interest and do that one activity well outside the classroom, becoming a specialist.  That always struck me as somewhat of a loss.)

3)  Chill out on the standardized tests.  Buy a few prep books and spend some time with them, but only familiarize yourself with the test formats.  (OK.  Maybe I have the luxury to say so because I went here and there, and I had a certain set of scores.  But really.  Especially now that more and more schools are de-emphasizing the weight of SAT I or II scores in the overall admissions package, breathe a bit more.)  I'm not saying that they're not important, or that it's a waste that your kid is doing well and enjoying a host of AP classes.  Not at all.  But the more and more we learn about the inefficacy of these tests, and the poor predictive value of such tests (i.e., they largely tell you how your kid might do in his/her freshman year, and that's it - which should be a mulligan for all of us), the less we should hyperventilate over their importance.  Additionally, until the SAT I stops being a proxy for socioeconomic class (i.e., the better off your family is, the better you'll probably do on the test because of access to tutoring, prep books, etc.), I don't think we should think the sky is falling if Jeremy scores around 1000.  To me, and I've probably taken scores of standardized tests over 25 years of schooling, these kinds of tests have only proven to me that I know how to take particular kinds of tests.  That's it.  They don't make me think I'm smarter.  I've always read to do that, or did puzzles, or math problems.  Or I'd go outside and try to figure out how I was going to get my whiffle balls out of the tree at a certain distance with a certain breeze blowing.  Think critically.  Don't think "normatively."  That's what standardized tests force you to do - to think like everyone else a little above or below the "norm."  Think critically.  Tell your child to go for a walk in the park and look for as many different "creatures" out there to draw at home, and that can be urban or rural.  Or ask them to read or write freely for an hour.  

   "All of the above" is so much better than sitting at your kitchen table and choosing "c)."  



Tuesday, February 1, 2011

The Organization Kid in a Chaotic Culture


            I remember when David Brooks wrote about the “organizational kid” in The Atlantic nearly ten years ago.  The takeaway was that our college students were – at the time – quite admirably hard-working, unquestioning of authority, and self-regarding as naturally on the top of the cognitive elite.  Brooks’ darker, and I think, more provocative, claim comes near the end of the article in speaking with a Princeton professor regarding “the vocabulary of virtue and vice,” as he put it.  Neither he nor Brooks was necessarily advocating courses on building character, but as the professor asserted, contemporary students were – in comparison to previous cohorts – less Augustinian, less self-critical, and less confessional.  These were extremely pleasant kids, well prepared for class, highly organized, and willing to work hours on end for that A on the next final exam.  But they didn’t seem to know that “a tragic dimension to life” existed, and that ultimately, Brooks concludes, to these students, measurable accomplishment trumped any abstract conception of virtue.  Not enough was being taught or read to highlight the distinct differences between the two.
            While it seems like each aging generation bemoans the shortcomings of its younger generation of leaders (“In my day, we used to have to chisel our notes onto stone tablets!”), Brooks and the Princeton professor made persuasive and suggestive points about the new millennial generation back in April 2001.  But then 9/11 reoriented everyone’s moral compass, and suddenly evil was very much identifiable to these students while virtue was seen walking up the towers’ stairs into the fire.  Into the fire.
            We can certainly march through the memorable events of the rest of the decade, possibly culminating in the recent domestic tragedy of Tuscon and the international whirlwind of protest taking place in Cairo, as we speak.  What I most focus on, however, is the global economic depression of, what seems like, the past ten years.  One thinks of Bernie Madoff.  Tony Hayward of BP.  And other faceless fools who went the way of immediate gratification by gambling with derivatives, credit default swaps, and other people’s money, like it was a Monopoly game and the rest of us all went for a bathroom break trusting that the other players wouldn’t cheat.
            The obvious connection between the organizational kids of 2001 and the economic malfeasance of 2008-2010 is that many of these young men and women, at the very least, came of age this past decade; some of them unfortunately were even active participants in the questionable practices in derivatives markets.  But I’m less interested in laying blame specifically at someone (or a particular group)’s feet.  For one, these “kids” weren’t at the helm of the major banks too big to fail.  Second, to whom were Brooks’ “kids” and the other kids of the past decade supposed to turn as proper role models in the public square?  Certainly the aforementioned rescue workers of 9/11 are worthy candidates, but our own Congress recently wanted to deny these heroes financial support for any health issues incurred by their brave actions (as if we had forgotten their selfless acts in a dusty bin of history).  Some senators painted the rescuers absurdly as welfare kings and queens, while corporate welfare only seemed to balloon with each point-drop in Democratic polls.  So our government officials have hardly proved exemplars: Eliot Spitzer; Minnesota’s Larry Craig; Mark Foley; Louisianan William Jefferson; David Vitter; John Ensign; Mark Sanford; and the (predominantly male) list goes on.  What about our financial leaders?  Did I already mention Hayward?  Goldman Sachs’ Lloyd Blankfein, a.k.a., in some lighting, George Costanza’s doppelgänger? 
One only needs to read Chrystia Freeland’s engaging cover article for this month’s Atlantic, entitled “The Rise of the New Global Elite,” to understand our global plutocracy and our universal predicament.  In short, almost all of the income growth in the past five years has only benefited and been consolidated by a handful of plutocrats she calls “the super-elite.”  The rich are indeed getting richer, and the poor are growing beyond poorer.  It’s the Davos, Switzerland crowd, and perhaps they all will eventually fork over their fortunes to charity (“philanthrocapital”), but as Freeland makes plain, this generation of rich is not the old-money rich of Beacon Hill and Greenwich, or the nouveau riche in vacant McMansions all over Florida and California.  They’re a hard-working, intellectual bunch, she argues, and one that rarely apologizes for its part in the widening gap of income disparity.  See, I could counter that I know twenty equally hard-working and exceptionally bright individuals at my institution and they’re not going to make or seek 1/1000th of the amount of money this super-elite accumulates.  And that’s what it is: accumulation of wealth, but really of things, stuff, and in some cases, people.  I get her point that the super-elite have indeed worked hard and earned their keep, but give me a break: I won’t cry for the person who cares about the aesthetic difference between 20 and 30 million dollars as evidenced by one’s apartment furnishings (see the Freeland article).
My roundabout, admittedly broad argument here is that on one level, the organization kids of a decade ago have grown up amidst this corruption, this collective drive for visibly significant wealth and ‘bling, and, let’s face it, they live a fast life.  Maybe that Princeton prof was right ten years ago: vice, virtue, and sin.  We should be teaching more about character and ethics, on every level of the educational ladder (and at home?).  I wonder how this past decade of uncertain moral activity has inevitably affected the organizational kid.  Is s/he now a “young adult of chaos”?  (What twenty-year-old isn’t?) 
In my first year of teaching at my current institution, only a half-year after the 2008 election and the economic meltdown, I remember sitting at a lunch with the Provost and a cadre of new faculty hires, one of whom was a pleasant young business professor.  Undoubtedly, he was an “organization kid” with braces and bad acne in 2001.  But I asked him: “Have you seen the recent New York Times article querying whether our nation’s top business schools are appropriately changing their curricula to include ethics instruction in light of what’s happened on Wall Street, throughout the U.S. (and world)?”  No, he hadn’t, and he tried to deftly parry my next question by complaining to the Provost that the university had not done enough to acquire his partner a proper visa for their move to this new city.  But I wanted to probe a little more: “You know, every top school – HBS, Wharton, Stanford – except ours has agreed that future curricula will include such ethics courses.”  The Provost wasn’t too happy I raised this point, and the twenty-something professor seemed to not hear my point at all, as he moved on to more important issues, like unaffordable, multi-room apartments in the heart of the city on a business school professor’s salary of six figures.  Virtue.  Vice.  “Vocabulary of tragic dimensions.”
            So, is this whom the harmless, apolitical organization kid of 2001 has turned into?  Lesson remains unlearned: the notion of a virtuous life and virtuous acts still don’t quite hold a match to the materiality of accomplishment.  Or, is it that the captains of industry and banks of this last decade were the ones who rode unregulated waves to untold treasures, and then neatly packaged their offspring for St. Paul’s and Exeter, or Crossroads and San Francisco University High School, and further “organized” them for Harvard Yard or Stanford’s Arcade?  This isn’t a scientifically supported argument by any means, but rather an educated guess and an opinion.  I mean, when more students come to class and complain (perhaps appropriately so) that their tuition is too high, one’s antennae go up.  This has long been a collective moan from most undergraduates.  But, now, in light of the past decade, the rise of the organization kid, the packaged school experiences, and the latter-day plutocratic parents, these complaints take on a wholly new timbre and substance.  “Listen,” I was once told.  “The parents are paying a lot to send their kids here, so if you have to miss class for a funeral, then I’m not sure what to say.”  This was someone in administration who was chastising me for paying my respects to two close friends who died from cancer within days of each other in another city.  I had to miss one class as a result, but at least one or two students complained that they wanted their pro-rated money back for the missed class.  Seriously.  And, they hadn’t even spoken with me but went straight to the dean (after e-mailing me their condolences: they really are organized).  Sounds like the children of adults used to “transactional relationships.”  First, this is another reason why people like me are leaving the profession.  Second, now that I know the administration will side with the paying customer and leave its own employee virtually unprotected, I have two of the best lawyers on retainer.
            Guess who’s the organized kid now?